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Jacques Derrida (; ; born Jackie Élie Derrida;,〔 July 15, 1930 – October 9, 2004) was a French philosopher, born in Algeria.〔()〕 Derrida is best known for developing a form of semiotic analysis known as deconstruction, which he discussed in numerous texts. He is one of the major figures associated with post-structuralism and postmodern philosophy.〔〔〔Vincent B. Leitch ''Postmodernism: Local Effects, Global Flows'', SUNY Series in Postmodern Culture (Albany, NY: State University of New York Press, 1996), p. 27.〕 During his career Derrida published more than 40 books, together with hundreds of essays and public presentations. He had a significant influence upon the humanities and social sciences, including—in addition to philosophy and literature—law,〔 "(Critical Legal Studies Movement )" in "The Bridge" 〕〔(GERMAN LAW JOURNAL, SPECIAL ISSUE: A DEDICATION TO JACQUES DERRIDA ), Vol. 6 No. 1 Pages 1 - 243 1 January 2005〕 anthropology,〔"Legacies of Derrida: Anthropology", Rosalind C. Morris, Annual Review of Anthropology, Volume: 36, pages: 355–389, 2007 〕 historiography,〔"Deconstructing History", published 1997, 2nd. Edn. Routledge, 2006)〕 linguistics, sociolinguistics,〔"The sociolinguistics of schooling: the relevance of Derrida's Monolingualism of the Other or the Prosthesis of Origin", Michael Evans, 01/2012; ISBN 978-3-0343-1009-3 In book: The Sociolinguistics of Language Education in International Contexts, Publisher: Peter Lang, Editors: Edith Esch and Martin Solly, pp. 31–46〕 psychoanalysis, political theory, religious studies, feminism, and gay and lesbian studies. His work still has a major influence in the academe of Continental Europe, South America and all other countries where continental philosophy is predominant, particularly in debates around ontology, epistemology (especially concerning social sciences), ethics, aesthetics, hermeneutics, and the philosophy of language. He also influenced architecture (in the form of deconstructivism), music,〔"Deconstruction in Music - The Jacques Derrida", Gerd Zacher Encounter, Rotterdam, The Netherlands, 2002〕 art,〔E.g., "Doris Salcedo", Phaidon (2004), "Hans Haacke", Phaidon (2000)〕 and art criticism.〔E.g. "The return of the real", Hal Foster, October - MIT Press (1996); "Kant after Duchamp", Thierry de Duve, October - MIT Press (1996); "Neo-Avantgarde and Cultural Industry - Essays on European and American Art from 1955 to 1975", Benjamin H.D. Buchloh, October - MIT Press (2000); "Perpetual Inventory", Rosalind E. Krauss, October - MIT Press, 2010〕 Particularly in his later writings, Derrida frequently addressed ethical and political themes in his work. Many critics consider ''Speech and Phenomena'' (1967) to be his most important work. These writings influenced various activists and political movements.〔 He became a well-known and influential public figure, while his approach to philosophy and the notorious difficulty of his work made him controversial.〔〔("Jacques Derrida" ). Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. November 22, 2006. Accessed August 11, 2010.〕 ==Life== Derrida was born at daybreak on July 15, 1930, in a summer home in El Biar (Algiers), Algeria, into a Sephardic Jewish family (originally from Toledo) that became French in 1870 when the Crémieux Decree granted full French citizenship to the indigenous Arabic-speaking Jews of Algeria.〔"I took part in the extraordinary transformation of the Algerian Jews; my great-grandparents were by language, custom, etc., still identified with Arabic culture. After the Cremieux Decree (1870), at the end of the 19th c., the following generation became bourgeois", ''(Jacques Derrida The Last Interview )'', May 2003.〕 His parents, Haïm Aaron Prosper Charles (Aimé) Derrida (1896–1970) and Georgette Sultana Esther Safar (1901–1991),〔Bennington (1991), p. 325〕〔"Safar surname: occupational name from Arabic ''saffar'' which means ''worker in copper or brass''", (The Safar surname )"〕 named him "Jackie", "which they considered to be an American name", though he would later adopt a more "correct" version of his first name when he moved to Paris; some reports indicate that he was named Jackie after the American child actor Jackie Coogan, who had become well-known around the world via his role in the 1921 Charlie Chaplin film ''The Kid''.〔Powell (2006), p. 12.〕〔(Obituary in ''The Guardian'' ), accessed August 2, 2007.〕〔Cixous (2001), p. vii; also see this (interview with Derrida's long-term collaborator John Caputo ).〕 He was also given the middle name Élie after his paternal uncle Eugène Eliahou, at his circumcision; this name was not recorded on his birth certificate unlike those of his siblings, and he would later call it his "hidden name".〔 See also 〕 Derrida was the third of five children. His elder brother Paul Moïse died at less than three months old, the year before Derrida was born, leading him to suspect throughout his life his role as a replacement for his deceased brother.''〔'' Derrida spent his youth in Algiers and in El-Biar. On the first day of the school year in 1942, French administrators in Algeria - implementing anti-Semitic quotas set by the Vichy government - expelled Derrida from his lycée. He secretly skipped school for a year rather than attend the Jewish lycée formed by displaced teachers and students, and also took part in numerous football competitions (he dreamed of becoming a professional player). In this adolescent period, Derrida found in the works of philosophers and writers (such as Rousseau, Nietzsche, and Gide) an instrument of revolt against family and society:〔 His reading also included Camus and Sartre.〔 On his first day at the École Normale Supérieure in Paris in 1952, Derrida met Louis Althusser, with whom he became friends. After visiting the Husserl Archive in Leuven, Belgium (1953-1954), he completed his master's degree in philosophy (''diplôme d'études supérieures'') on Edmund Husserl. He then passed the highly competitive ''agrégation'' exam in 1956. Derrida received a grant for studies at Harvard University, and he spent the 1956–1957 academic year reading Joyce's ''Ulysses'' at the Widener Library.〔Caputo (1997), p. 25.〕 In June 1957, he married the psychoanalyst Marguerite Aucouturier in Boston. During the Algerian War of Independence of 1954-1962, Derrida asked to teach soldiers' children in lieu of military service, teaching French and English from 1957 to 1959. Following the war, from 1960 to 1964, Derrida taught philosophy at the Sorbonne, where he was an assistant of Suzanne Bachelard (daughter of Gaston), Canguilhem, Paul Ricœur (who in these years coined the term ''School of suspicion'') and Jean Wahl.〔Bennington (1991), p. 330〕 His wife, Marguerite, gave birth to their first child, Pierre, in 1963. In 1964, on the recommendation of Althusser and Jean Hyppolite, Derrida got a permanent teaching position at the École Normale Supérieure, which he kept until 1984.〔〔 In 1965 Derrida began an association with the ''Tel Quel'' group of literary and philosophical theorists, which lasted for seven years.〔Powell (2006), p. 58〕 Derrida's subsequent distance from the ''Tel Quel'' group, after 1971, has been attributed to his reservations about their embrace of Maoism and of the Chinese Cultural Revolution.〔Leslie Hill, ''The Cambridge Introduction to Jacques Derrida'', Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007, p. 55.〕 With "Structure, Sign, and Play in the Discourse of the Human Sciences", his contribution to a 1966 colloquium on structuralism at Johns Hopkins University, his work began to gain international prominence. At the same colloquium Derrida would meet Jacques Lacan and Paul de Man, the latter an important interlocutor in the years to come.〔Jacques Derrida and Geoffrey Bennington, ''Jacques Derrida'', Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1994, p. 331〕 A second son, Jean, was born in 1967. In the same year, Derrida published his first three books—''Writing and Difference'', ''Speech and Phenomena'', and ''Of Grammatology''. He completed his D. Litt. (''doctorat d'État'') in 1980, submitting his previously published books in conjunction with a defense of his intellectual project; the text of Derrida's defense was subsequently published in English translation as "The Time of a Thesis: Punctuations". In 1983 Derrida collaborated with Ken McMullen on the film ''Ghost Dance''. Derrida appears in the film as himself and also contributed to the script. Derrida traveled widely and held a series of visiting and permanent positions. Derrida became full professor (''directeur d'études'') at the École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales in Paris from 1984. With François Châtelet and others he in 1983 co-founded the Collège international de philosophie (CIPH), an institution intended to provide a location for philosophical research which could not be carried out elsewhere in the academy. He was elected as its first president. In 1985 Sylviane Agacinski gave birth to Derrida's third child, Daniel.〔("Obituary: Jacques Derrida" ), by Derek Attridge and Thomas Baldwin, ''The Guardian'', October 11, 2004. Retrieved Jan 19, 2010.〕 In 1986 Derrida became Professor of the Humanities at the University of California, Irvine, where he taught until shortly before his death in 2004. His papers were filed in the university archives. After Derrida's death, his widow and sons said they wanted copies of UCI's archives shared with the Institute of Contemporary Publishing Archives in France. The university had sued in an attempt to get manuscripts and correspondence from Derrida's widow and children that it believed the philosopher had promised to UC Irvine's collection, although it dropped the suit in 2007.〔(UC Irvine drops suit over Derrida's personal papers )〕 Derrida was a regular visiting professor at several other major American and European universities, including Johns Hopkins University, Yale University, New York University, Stony Brook University, The New School for Social Research, and the European Graduate School. He was awarded honorary doctorates by the University of Cambridge (1992), Columbia University, The New School for Social Research, the University of Essex, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, the University of Silesia and many others around the world. Derrida was a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Although his membership in Class IV, Section 1 (Philosophy and Religious Studies) was rejected; he was subsequently elected to Class IV, Section 3 (Literary Criticism, including Philology). He received the 2001 Adorno-Preis from the University of Frankfurt. Late in his life, Derrida participated in making two biographical documentaries, ''D'ailleurs, Derrida'' (Elsewhere'' ) by Saafa Fathy (1999),〔(IMDb )〕 and ''Derrida'' by Kirby Dick and Amy Ziering Kofman (2002).〔(IMDb )〕 Derrida was diagnosed with pancreatic cancer in 2003, which reduced his speaking and travelling engagements.〔()〕 He died in a hospital in Paris in the early hours of October 9, 2004.〔(Jacques Derrida Dies; Deconstructionist Philosopher ), accessed May 9, 2012.〕 At the time of his death, Derrida had agreed to go for the summer to Heidelberg as holder of the Gadamer professorship,〔 "(The University of Heidelberg Mourns the Death of Jacques Derrida )" 〕 whose invitation was expressed by the hermeneutic philosopher himself before his death. Prof. Dr. Peter Hommelhoff, Rector at Heidelberg by that time, would summarize Derrida's place as: "Beyond the boundaries of philosophy as an academic discipline he was a leading intellectual figure not only for the humanities but for the cultural perception of a whole age."〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Jacques Derrida」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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